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PAM-2500
High-performance Field and Laboratory Chlorophyll Fluorometer
The PAM-2500 chlorophyll fluorometers are successors of the well-known PAM-2000/2100 instruments which were introduced in the 1990s as the first portable PAM fluorometers. Since then they have been successfully applied worldwide by numerous scientists.
In the development of the PAM-2500, particular care was taken to maintain all properties appreciated by PAM-2000/2100 users and, at the same time, to integrate state-of-the-art technology.
Essentially, the hardware and optical system are thoroughly modernized. Also, while continuing basic elements of the graphical user interface, instrument operation is based on the newly-developed PamWin-3 software.
The program permits operation under Windows operating systems on normal personal computers, but also on ultra mobile touch screen computers (UMPC).
Major Points of Progress of the PAM-2500
Saturation pulse as well as polyphasic rise analysis with time resolution down to 10 μs
Latest generation light-emitting diodes for all internal light sources
High sensitivity enabling high quality measurements with dilute suspensions of algae and cyanobacteria
Measuring Principle & Quenching Analysis
The PAM-2500 chlorophyll fluorometers employs pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) measuring light to excite chlorophyll fluorescence. The intensity of the PAM excitation light can be sufficiently low for monitoring fluorescence yield without affecting the state of photosynthesis.
The resulting modulated chlorophyll fluorescence is detected with high sensitivity and selectivity, but the fluorometer is virtually insensitive to even strong unmodulated light like full sunlight or saturation pulses at up to 25,000 μmol m-2 s-1.
In addition to the current fluorescence yield in continuous light (Ft) and the maximum yield during saturation pulses (Fm or Fm') it is also possible to determine the minimum yield after dark-acclimation (Fo) or in illuminated state (Fo').
The PamWin-3 software calculates automatically four quenching coefficients (qP, qL, qN, and NPQ), the effective yield of PS II photochemistry (Y(II)=ΔF/Fm') and the complementary yields of non-photochemical energy dissipation (Y(NO) and Y(NPQ)) as well as the apparent electron transport rate (ETR).